Cryptocurrencies have seen an explosion in popularity since they rose to prominence in 2009 and there are now over two thousand in existence. Some of the ‘major’ cryptocurrencies include Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple and Litecoin. These are among the most traded cryptocurrencies worldwide, with the largest market caps.
Like all cryptocurrencies, the majors are digital assets that secure and verify transactions using computer science and complex mathematics, known as cryptography. Unlike traditional (‘fiat’) currencies, they are not currently issued or backed by a central authority such as a government. Instead, they run across a network of computers and are underpinned by blockchain technology – a permanent record of transactions that cannot be altered without the consensus of the network.
This page will cover the major cryptocurrencies in more depth, including insights into trading them effectively. You can also view our cryptocurrency rates for live price movements, and our news and analysis content for trading insights.
What are the Major Cryptocurrencies?
The most popular cryptocurrencies are currentlyBitcoin, Ripple, Ethereum and Litecoin. These dominate the cryptocurrency market and are highly popular among traders and investors.
Bitcoin (BTC)
Bitcoin is inarguably the most famous cryptocurrency to date. Designed by an anonymous individual under the pseudonym ‘Satoshi Nakamoto’ in 2008, it is the biggest by some distance in terms of market capitalization.* It can be used as a medium of exchange, with companies in sectors ranging from travel to gift cards to jewellers having accepted Bitcoin as payment through anonymous transactions.
However, while there are some organisations that accept it as currency, others shy away due to Bitcoin’s dramatic price swings. Driven largely by speculation, the price per Bitcoin rose sharply from $1,151 in January 2017, to an all-time high of $19,783 in December the same year.* It then dropped to below $7,000 by February 2018 and rallied again to around $11,000 over a matter of days, before plunging once more to trade below $4,000. Subsequently, one of the key characteristics of Bitcoin that traders should understand is its potential for extreme volatility.
Ripple (XRP)
Released in 2012, Ripple (XRP) is a cryptocurrency that runs on the blockchain network RippleNet. RippleNet’s userbase comprises more than 100 banks and payment providers which use the network for international settlement.
XRP can be exchanged for any currency and is therefore often used as an intermediary between currencies that are expensive to exchange directly via traditional methods. It can also be used for fast international transactions, with an average transaction time of four seconds.
Ether (ETH)
Developed in 2012 by Toronto-based programmer Vitalik Buterin, and backed by an initial $18 million crowdfund, Ether (ETH) is a cryptocurrency that underpins a blockchain network called Ethereum. While Bitcoin was designed to be a digital currency, Ethereum is a more general implementation of blockchain technology.
A feature of the Ethereum network is that it enables its users to create decentralised apps, known as’dapps’, and smart contracts. Dapps are software applications that run across a network of computers, purportedly without the possibility of interference or downtime, while smart contracts are binding agreements, which are written as lines of code and can therefore automatically enforce their own clauses. Ether is used to process transactions on the network, including those automated by dapps and smart contracts
Litecoin (LTC)
Litecoin was released in October 2011 by ex-Google employee Charlie Lee. Launched with the intention of being a cheaper version of Bitcoin for everyday purposes, Litecoin was formed in a ‘hard fork’ (split) of the Bitcoin Core client, the free and open-source software that underpins the cryptocurrency. Litecoin offers faster transaction times than Bitcoin and a greater supply – there are a potential 84 million Litecoin that can exist compared to Bitcoin’s 21 million.
Bitcoin vs Ripple vs Ether vs Litecoin: Summary Table
|
Bitcoin (BTC) |
Ripple (XRP) |
Ether (ETH) |
Litecoin (LTC) |
|
|
Launched |
2009 |
2012 |
2015 |
2012 |
|
Market cap* |
$78.3 bn |
$17.6 bn |
$13.6 bn |
$2 bn |
|
All-time high price per unit* |
$19,763 |
$3.84 |
$1,432 |
$375 |
|
Transaction speed |
Slow |
Fast |
Fast |
Slow |
|
Corporate users |
No |
Google Ventures, Standard Chartered, Accenture, Santander, InnoVentures |
JPMorgan Chase, Microsoft, CME Group, BNY Mellon |
No |
What Affects the Price of Cryptocurrencies?
Cryptocurrency prices can move in spectacular fashion, and there are a variety of triggers for such volatility. Here are a few of them:
Speculation
Speculation is a prominent influence on cryptocurrency prices. As seen with the collapse of Bitcoin’s price in 2018, following a bull run from around $1,000 to just shy of $20,000 in 2017, experienced and inexperienced traders alike can go long for too long – expecting the price to keep rising and fearing missing out on the party.
News Announcements
Cryptocurrencies can be highly sensitive to news announcements. The type of news that can affect the price ranges from the CEO of JPMorgan Chase calling Bitcoin a ‘fraud’ to details of networks being hacked. Also, economic and political events affecting fiat currencies can lead traders to lose faith in these more traditional trades and turn to cryptocurrencies, pushing up the price.
Regulation
Regulation across borders has to keep up with the rapidly advancing pace of cryptocurrency development. Due to the decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies, this is a complex matter, with international disagreement ranging from the legitimacy of currency status, or even whether they should be made illegal.
China is one market to impose strict regulation that impacted prices. In February 2018, the country blocked its citizens from accessing websites that offer cryptocurrency trading services, prompting a 15% fall in Bitcoin and 20% plunge for Ether. Similarly, in January 2018, Bitcoin’s price was hit by new South Korean legislation requiring traders to reveal their identity.
New Cryptocurrencies
There are more than 2,000 cryptocurrencies available to trade, as of November 2018. As more and more cryptocurrencies enter the market, underpinned by faster and more efficient networks, the status of existing coins may be threatened. For example, the network transaction value of TRON (TRX), as of October 2018, exceeded that of larger market-cap cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, Ether and XRP. Also, some sources list more than 900 cryptocurrencies classed as ‘deceased’ thus far, indicating the stiff competition faced by each coin.*
Image alt description: Major cryptocurrencies by market capitalization
Top Tips for Trading Cryptocurrencies
If you’re interested in trading the major cryptocurrencies, whether long or short term, there are many factors to consider. Do you have a high risk tolerance; are you open to volatility? Do you want to add more cryptocurrencies to your portfolio, or do you want to progress to a new asset class in time? Do you want to go for a day trading strategy, or do you prefer position trading for a longer-term approach? The following tips are key:
1. Choose the Trading Style That’s Right for you
Choosing how you want to trade cryptocurrencies is the first decision you need to make before selecting the coins themselves. You need to decide whether to trade via derivatives or use an exchange:
- Trading via Derivatives: When you trade cryptocurrencies via financial derivatives such as binary options, spread betting or CFDs (where allowed), you can speculate on their price without having to own the underlying coins.
- Trading via an Exchange: Trading via an exchange you have to purchase the assets themselves, storing tokens in a digital wallet until you’re ready to sell. The trading fees you will have to pay can be significant. Most crypto exchanges are unregulated, meaning you have no protection if the exchange is hacked or fails. However, derivatives platforms like IG are FCA-authorized, offering the protection of segregated accounts.
2. Get a Feel for the Market
Watching the trading patterns is key. Observe the market for a few weeks to get a feel of how the coin reacts to certain times of the day and week, and how it responds to market news and key events. This will help you work out patterns of trading, and how to limit losses and maximize gains.
3. Decide on a Strategy
Traders can choose strategies such as day trading, where positions are opened and closed within a day for quick profits, or go for a scalping strategy, taking small profits from a large number of trades. Other strategies include trend trading, swing trading, and position trading.
Keeping abreast of cryptocurrency news and watching the patterns of trading is key to gain an understanding of each coin. For more information on how to do this effectively, look at our Guide to Day Trading Bitcoin and Other Cryptocurrencies.
4. Manage Risks Through Stop Loss and Limit Orders
Risk management is a key consideration when trading cryptocurrencies, particularly as the markets can be so volatile. It is important to set stop losses and limit orders; decide how much you can afford to lose and make sure your trading plan reflects these decisions.
* Facts and figures correct as of 27 November 2018.
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